One interesting thing that I forgot to mention is that I actually have seen another two axis spectrum with different axes that seemed to make some mesaure of sense. It was proposed by people on soc.anarchism (I think) and the two axes were Private Property and Rule of Law. It went something like this: Rule of Law Monarchism ^*Communism *Socialism * Fascism * | | *Populism | Democratic | Socialism* Conservatism | Moderates * |Several odd * |* Marxist * |Variants Progressivism | Natural-Rights | Libertarianism* | Anarcho- |Anarcho- Socialism "Type 3" Anarcho-Capitalism |*Communism * * Anarchism * +-----------------------------------------> Private Property I've been trying to reconcile this one with the Personal/Economic axes, because the economic one really doesn't acknowledge that lack of government control does not necessarily mean well established private control. This is especially relevant on environmental issues where standard conservatism advocates essentially an anarchy in control of pollution (i.e. no government control, AND no control by private land-owners) whereas libertarianism advocates extensive private property rights. On the other hand the Private Property/Rule of Law spectrum doesn't distinguish very well between government control of the economy and government control of personal lives. I was starting to toy with possible 3-dimensional spectrums, but then I realized that no property vs. private property vs. government controls gives you three distinct choices on every issue and none is a mix of the other two. This makes it imposible to split the issue meaningfully into two independent axes. For example, if you choose property vs. anarchy and government vs. private control you end up with all the points on the anarchy side being equivalent. Of course, not all of the possible sets of choices are even things that most people think are stable or possible, but some people could conceivably advocate them. What we really have is a tripartite opposition on economic issues and a bipartite opposition on personal issues. This is really sort of 2.5 dimensional and can be expanded to 3 dimensions, or collapsed to 2 dimensions, but either way either adds of subtracts detail unnecessarily. And of course, if we keep looking we can probably split up the issues even more until we have many little oppositions.... Fortunately your brain doesn't need spatial representations for everything and has a much easier time figuring out what's close to what than these political scientists. They should take a crash course in connectivist networks and semantic spaces or something. Wow, all this has inspired me. I think I'll try to write a computer program using artificial neural networks to help people find their political home with an arbitary number of arbitary-partite choices on issue! Anyone want to help me?